Journal: NPJ biofilms and microbiomes

Article Title: Yijung-tang improves thermogenesis and reduces inflammation associated with gut microbiota in hypothyroid rats.

doi: 10.1038/s41522-023-00396-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1 Effects of Yijung-tang (YJT) and L-thyroxine (T4) in metabolic phenotypes, serum metabolites, and histology in hypothyroid rats. a Schematic overview of the experimental design; b body mass; c food intake; d average core body temperature (Tb) during the experiment (n = 5 per group). e Glucose metabolism was assessed via an oral glucose tolerance test. f–hThe levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and tri-iodothyronine (T3). i–l Serum ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). m Histology assay for the ileum by hematoxylin and eosin for four experimental groups. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 7–8 per group). One-way ANOVA or ANCOVA (food intake) followed by post hoc LSD test. *P < 0.05, versus control, #P < 0.05 versus PTU. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences. Con, control group that received only saline; PTU, the rats that received 10 mg/kg/body propylthiouracil (PTU); YJT + PTU, the rats that received 2.1 g/kg YJT and 10 mg/kg/body PTU; T4 + PTU, the rats that were treated with 0.5 mg/kg L-thyroxine and 10 mg/kg PTU.

Article Snippet: Published in partnership with Nanyang Technological University npj Biofilms and Microbiomes (2023) 32 Serum biochemical parameter assays We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA) to estimate the levels in the serum, including TSH (CSB-E05115r), free Tri-iodothyronine (free-T3, CSB-E05076r), thyroxine (T4, CSBE05082r), GLP-1 (CSB-E08117r), TNF-α (CSB-E11987r), ghrelin (CSB-E09816r), and LPS (CSB-E14247r) following the manufacturer’s recommendations (Cusabio, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Control, Saline

Journal: NPJ biofilms and microbiomes

Article Title: Yijung-tang improves thermogenesis and reduces inflammation associated with gut microbiota in hypothyroid rats.

doi: 10.1038/s41522-023-00396-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4 Cecal microbiota transfer (CMT) modulates the metabolic phenotypes, serum metabolites, and ileum histology in recipients. a Schematic overview of the experimental design. b Average core body temperature (Tb) during the experiment process (n = 4 per group). c Blood glucose levels. d–h The serum thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by ELISA. i Histology assay for the ileum by hematoxylin and eosin staining for four experimental groups. The scale bar is 500 µm. The data are presented as means ± SEM. One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc LSD test. *P < 0.05 vs vehicle. Different letters above the columns indicate significant differences. Vehicle, the control rats which were orally gavaged with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); CMTPTU, the rats that were colonized by cecal microbiota from PTU-treated donors; CMTYJT, the rats that were colonized by cecal microbiota from YJT + PTU-treated donors; CMTT4, the rats that were colonized by cecal microbiota from L-thyroxine+PTU -treated donors; CMTCon, the rats that were colonized with cecal microbiota from control donors.

Article Snippet: Published in partnership with Nanyang Technological University npj Biofilms and Microbiomes (2023) 32 Serum biochemical parameter assays We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA) to estimate the levels in the serum, including TSH (CSB-E05115r), free Tri-iodothyronine (free-T3, CSB-E05076r), thyroxine (T4, CSBE05082r), GLP-1 (CSB-E08117r), TNF-α (CSB-E11987r), ghrelin (CSB-E09816r), and LPS (CSB-E14247r) following the manufacturer’s recommendations (Cusabio, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Control, Saline

Journal: NPJ biofilms and microbiomes

Article Title: Yijung-tang improves thermogenesis and reduces inflammation associated with gut microbiota in hypothyroid rats.

doi: 10.1038/s41522-023-00396-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7 The paradigm summarizing the thermogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of YJT via the gut microbiota and related multiple signaling pathways. Propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated hypothyroid rats exhibit hypothermia, hypophagia, and hyperinflammation, which have been associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, particularly with extremely enriched Prevotellaceae. As a prebiotic, Yijung-tang (YJT) modulates the gut microbiota and metabolite-related receptors (e.g., FFAR3 and TGR5/FXR) to stimulate gene expression of intestinal tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) for norepinephrine synthesis and iodothyronine deiodinases 2 (Dio2) for thyroid hormone metabolism, and consequently activates the thermogenic pathway in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and attenuates hypothyroidism-related systemic inflammation. In contrast, L-thyroxine (T4) treatment in hypothyroid rats stimulates ghrelin secretion and activates intestinal LPS–TLR4 and peptidoglycan–Pglyrp2 signaling pathways, and leads to hyperthermia, hyperphagia, and hyperinflammation.

Article Snippet: Published in partnership with Nanyang Technological University npj Biofilms and Microbiomes (2023) 32 Serum biochemical parameter assays We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA) to estimate the levels in the serum, including TSH (CSB-E05115r), free Tri-iodothyronine (free-T3, CSB-E05076r), thyroxine (T4, CSBE05082r), GLP-1 (CSB-E08117r), TNF-α (CSB-E11987r), ghrelin (CSB-E09816r), and LPS (CSB-E14247r) following the manufacturer’s recommendations (Cusabio, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Gene Expression

Journal: Journal of psychiatric research

Article Title: Ghrelin is associated with an elevated mood after an overnight fast in depression.

doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.053

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Fasting levels of acyl ghrelin were not associated with metabolic state ratings. A: To investigate the relationship between plasma levels of ghrelin and subjective metabolic and mood state, 103 participants, comprising 52 HCP and 51 patients with MDD, were invited after a 12-h overnight fast to the laboratory. Following a blood draw, participants indicated their current subjective metabolic state and their mood on 24 Visual analog scales (VAS). Additionally, they completed various questionnaires to assess their trait anxiety and depression subtype. B–D: After log-transforming and residualizing for age, sex, and BMI fasting levels of acyl ghrelin were not associated with subjective ratings of hunger (HCP: r = −0.06, p = 0.69; MDD: r = −0.052, p = 0.72), satiety (HCP: r = 0.11, p = 0.48; MDD: r = 0.14, p = 0.34), and thirst (HCP: r = 0.075, p = 0.62; MDD: r = 0.035, p = 0.81) in HCP and MDD. For des-acyl ghrelin there were also no correlations with these metabolic state items (Fig. S2).

Article Snippet: Cryo tubes containing plasma and HCl were analyzed using the acylated ghrelin (human) easy sampling ELISA kit #A05306 and the unacylated ghrelin (human) easy sampling ELISA kit #A05319 from Bertin Bioreagent (Bertin Technologies, 10 bis Avenue Ampère, Parc d’Activités du Pas du Lac, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; distributed by BioCat GmbH, Germany).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Journal of psychiatric research

Article Title: Ghrelin is associated with an elevated mood after an overnight fast in depression.

doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.053

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Higher levels of acyl ghrelin are associated with an elevated mood. A–C: Participants with higher levels of acyl ghrelin after fasting show a higher mood state (r = 0.25, p = 0.012), a higher positive affect (r = 0.21, p = 0.041), and less negative affect (r = −0.22, p = 0.031). D: When focusing on patients with MDD, the correlation between levels of acyl ghrelin and mood state was strongest in patients without any medication (r = 0.33, p = 0.091). Depicted are bootstrapped correlation estimates (B = 2000). E: For positive mood alone, we did not find differences across groups. F: For negative mood alone, acyl ghrelin showed stronger associations in patients without medication (r = −0.44, p = 0.021) in comparison to patients taking SSRI (r = 0.12, p = 0.69) or other antidepressants (r = −0.17, p = 0.64). No AD = no antidepressive medication, SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Other = non-SSRI medication.

Article Snippet: Cryo tubes containing plasma and HCl were analyzed using the acylated ghrelin (human) easy sampling ELISA kit #A05306 and the unacylated ghrelin (human) easy sampling ELISA kit #A05319 from Bertin Bioreagent (Bertin Technologies, 10 bis Avenue Ampère, Parc d’Activités du Pas du Lac, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; distributed by BioCat GmbH, Germany).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Journal of psychiatric research

Article Title: Ghrelin is associated with an elevated mood after an overnight fast in depression.

doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.053

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. The association between fasting levels of acyl ghrelin and mood is not specific to items, but attributable to overall mood. A: We found negative correlations between levels of acyl ghrelin and ratings across all items of negative affect, particularly in patients with MDD with the strongest association for the item “afraid” (r = −0.34, p = 0.015). B: There were positive correlations between levels of acyl ghrelin and overall positive affect as well as ratings across all items of positive mood. For patients with MDD, the strongest association was observed for the item “active” (r = 0.26, p = 0.071). C: To investigate if the association between acyl ghrelin and mood is driven by specific items, we extracted a common factor and recalculated the original correlations for each mood item (residualized items). Our analysis shows that the link between acyl ghrelin and mood is not item-specific. The broken line depicts the association with mood state the unrotated factor, demonstrating that single items do not exceed this association.

Article Snippet: Cryo tubes containing plasma and HCl were analyzed using the acylated ghrelin (human) easy sampling ELISA kit #A05306 and the unacylated ghrelin (human) easy sampling ELISA kit #A05319 from Bertin Bioreagent (Bertin Technologies, 10 bis Avenue Ampère, Parc d’Activités du Pas du Lac, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; distributed by BioCat GmbH, Germany).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of psychiatric research

Article Title: Ghrelin is associated with an elevated mood after an overnight fast in depression.

doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.053

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Fasting levels of acyl ghrelin are more strongly associated with state versus trait-like markers of negative affectivity. A: To measure negative affectivity, we calculated the depression and anxiety subscores of the STAI-T. Scores of the STAI-T were strongly correlated with negative mood ratings. B: Scores of the STAI-T were moderately correlated with positive mood ratings. C: Acyl ghrelin was not associated with STAI-T scores (overall STAI-T: r = −0.15, p = 0.15). No correlations between STAI-T sub-scores and levels of acyl and des-acyl ghrelin.

Article Snippet: Cryo tubes containing plasma and HCl were analyzed using the acylated ghrelin (human) easy sampling ELISA kit #A05306 and the unacylated ghrelin (human) easy sampling ELISA kit #A05319 from Bertin Bioreagent (Bertin Technologies, 10 bis Avenue Ampère, Parc d’Activités du Pas du Lac, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; distributed by BioCat GmbH, Germany).

Techniques:

Journal: Open Life Sciences

Article Title: Physical activity enhances fecal lactobacilli in rats chronically drinking sweetened cola beverage

doi: 10.1515/biol-2022-0070

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of SPA on insulin, adiponectin, and ghrelin levels in plasma of controls and cola SSB drinking rats. CON = control group, SSB = group drinking sugar sweetened beverage, SSB + SPA = group drinking sugar sweetened beverage concomitant to spontaneous physical activity, SPA = group performing spontaneous physical activity. Average ± SEM. n = 8 per group; * p < 0.05 vs SSB, # p < 0.05 vs CON.

Article Snippet: To measure and analyze adiponectin (as an adipose tissue-related indicator of metabolic changes), insulin (as a pancreas-related indicator of metabolic changes), and ghrelin (as a gastrointestinal tract-related indicator of appetite), commercially available kits for ELISA were used (Rat Ghrelin ELISA Kit, Elabscience, USA; Rat Adiponectin ELISA Kit, Abcam, UK; and Rat Insulin ELISA Kit, Mercodia, Sweden, respectively).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Control, Activity Assay

Journal: Poultry science

Article Title: Effects of development and delayed feed access on ghrelin expression in neonatal broiler chickens.

doi: 10.3382/ps/pew169

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. Effects of development on ghrelin in neonatal chickens. A: Ghrelin mRNA expression in proventriculi of neonatal chickens from hatch to 120 h posthatch. B: Densities of ghrelin immunopositive cells in proventriculi of neonatal chickens from hatch to 120 h posthatch. C: Plasma ghrelin levels of neonatal chickens from hatch to 120 h posthatch. The different letters are significantly different from each other (P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Plasma ghrelin was measured using a commercially available chicken ghrelin ELISA kit (CUSABIO, CSBE14230C, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Najafi et al., 2015).

Techniques: Expressing, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Poultry science

Article Title: Effects of development and delayed feed access on ghrelin expression in neonatal broiler chickens.

doi: 10.3382/ps/pew169

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. Effects of delaying access to feed on ghrelin mRNA ex- pression in proventriculi of neonatal chickens. ∗denotes the significant difference between the experimental group and the control.

Article Snippet: Plasma ghrelin was measured using a commercially available chicken ghrelin ELISA kit (CUSABIO, CSBE14230C, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Najafi et al., 2015).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Poultry science

Article Title: Effects of development and delayed feed access on ghrelin expression in neonatal broiler chickens.

doi: 10.3382/ps/pew169

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. Immunohistochemical staining for ghrelin-immunopositive cells in proventriculi of neonatal chickens (shows the density of ghrelin- immunopositive cells). a: At F 48 in experimental group. b: At F 72 in experimental group. c: At SF 4 in experimental group. d: At 48 h posthatch in control group. e: At 72 h posthatch in control group. f: At 76 h posthatch in control group (corresponding SF 4 in experiment group). g: negative control for ghrelin antibody. h: magnification of f. Bar = 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Plasma ghrelin was measured using a commercially available chicken ghrelin ELISA kit (CUSABIO, CSBE14230C, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Najafi et al., 2015).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Control, Negative Control

Journal: Poultry science

Article Title: Effects of development and delayed feed access on ghrelin expression in neonatal broiler chickens.

doi: 10.3382/ps/pew169

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. Effect of delaying access to feed on density of ghrelin im- munopositive cells in proventriculi, and plasma ghrelin levels. A: Effect of delaying access to feed on density of ghrelin immunopositive cells in proventriculi. B: Effect of delaying access to feed on plasma ghrelin levels. ∗denotes the significant difference between the experimental group and the control.

Article Snippet: Plasma ghrelin was measured using a commercially available chicken ghrelin ELISA kit (CUSABIO, CSBE14230C, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Najafi et al., 2015).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Control